Currently, over 90,000 people are waiting for a kidney transplant in the United States alone [1]. End-stage renal disease affects 2 in 1000 Americans, whose only treatment options are dialysis or a kidney transplant [2]. Dialysis does the work of the kidneys by filtering out waste and excess fluid. However, serious drawbacks include frequent, time-consuming appointments and an increased risk of blood clots, which cause dialysis to fail [3]. Therefore, the ideal treatment option is transplantation of a functioning kidney.
Lung cancer accounts for the highest mortality rate out of all cancer types (Siegel et al., 2021) due to late diagnosis and poor prognosis. Lung cancer can be classified into non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for 80-85% of lung cancers and is subdivided into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma (Osmani et al., 2018). Common treatments for cancer include chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
This review of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) mechanisms is an update on current AS theories and suggestions for continued research. A literature search identified two leading hypotheses on possible mechanisms–the arthritogenic peptide hypothesis and the misfolding hypothesis– as well as three additional factors that may influence the progression of the disease. These studies have raised as many questions as they answered, and there is often a significant time gap between studies on the same topic due to the difficulties and costs involved. Continued research on this prevalent and debilitating disease remains imperative, especially in light of recent breakthroughs in immunotherapy such as CAR T cell therapy. This review explores the two major mechanistic hypotheses, then discusses emerging genetic and immunologic findings, and the potential of CAR T cell therapy.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision impairment and irreversible blindness among individuals over the age of 55 in developed countries [1, 2, 3]. It is characterized by progressive damage to the macula, a key component of the eye’s retina. Since the retina is responsible for converting light into neural signals essential for vision, any damage can severely impair both central and peripheral vision, significantly impacting the quality of life for millions of people.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a chronic hormonal and metabolic disorder that affects 15% of reproductive-aged women globally [1]. In the recent decade, there has been on average a 10% increase in the proportion of women around the world diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome [2]. Women with PCOS experience a cascade of sexual hormone imbalances, menstrual abnormalities, and fertility complications [3]. These conditions are most commonly due to insulin resistance and excess androgen production, or hyperandrogenism.
Would you take a drug, knowing there was a risk of developing secondary cancer, for a chance to beat the cancer you have now? This gamble is a difficult reality thousands of people face each year when they don’t respond favorably to conventional cancer treatments.
The semaglutide Ozempic is well known the promote weight reduction, but it has been shown that some comorbidities that are tied in with type 2 diabetes are also improved when used. Consequently, cardiovascular disease can be fatal especially when compounded with the background effects of type 2 diabetes. This review of literature focuses on how cardiovascular disease improves in type 2 diabetic patients taking GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Noor is a 49-year-old mother of four whose life and motherhood have been profoundly shaped by her experiences with uterine fibroids and its complications. Throughout the many years that I have known Noor, I bore witness to her tribulations. Although uterine fibroids and ectopic pregnancies are not uncommon, Noor’s story combining the two is unique. It sheds light on the serious consequences of untreated conditions that can accumulate to become deadly— from a small fibroid to an ectopic pregnancy.
Objective: To establish the differences between atypical antipsychotics and typical antipsychotics involving quality of life and symptom management in adult patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Eligible studies were sourced from SCOPUS, PubMed, APA PsycInfo and PsychiatryOnline Premium databases.
Over the past two decades, the psychedelic ketamine has gained traction among scientists and mental health providers as a potential alternative treatment for depression. However, ketamine’s actions on a molecular level are still not fully understood, and its adverse side effects present a recurrent challenge. This review will provide an overview of results from preclinical and clinical trials of ketamine-based therapeutics for major depression
