Currently, over 90,000 people are waiting for a kidney transplant in the United States alone [1]. End-stage renal disease affects 2 in 1000 Americans, whose only treatment options are dialysis or a kidney transplant [2]. Dialysis does the work of the kidneys by filtering out waste and excess fluid. However, serious drawbacks include frequent, time-consuming appointments and an increased risk of blood clots, which cause dialysis to fail [3]. Therefore, the ideal treatment option is transplantation of a functioning kidney.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication found in hospitals and the third leading cause of death among trauma patients. While there exists a wide variety of causes for AKI, they can be attributed to few pathophysiologies that studies are exploring medications to target. In conjunction with improving treatments, however, there is also a need to improve AKI diagnosis to prevent late-stage complications. This review will explore developments of new diagnostic biomarkers and medications that address these concerns.